They have lower manufacturing costs, especially regarding nitrogen and phosphorus use. Some of beneficial bio-fertilizers has described below: a Azolla-Anabena symbiosis: Azolla is a small, eukaryotic, aquatic fern having global distribution.
Prokaryotic blue green algae Anabena azolla resides in its leaves as a symbiont. Azolla is an alternative nitrogen source. This association has gained wide interest because of its potential use as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Rhizobium inoculation is a well-known agronomic practice to ensure adequate nitrogen. These are specific fungi that match with a number of favorable parameters of the the host plant on which it grows.
This includes soil type, the presence of particular chemicals in the soil types, and other conditions. These fungi grow on the roots of these plants.
In fact, seedlings that have mycorrhizal fungi growing on their roots survive better after transplantation and grow faster. The fungal symbiont gets shelter and food from the plant which, in turn, acquires an array of benefits such as better uptake of phosphorus, salinity and drought tolerance, maintenance of water balance, and overall increase in plant growth and development. Nitrogen is an inert gas and its uptake is possible only in fixed form, which is facilitated by the rhizobium bacteria present in the nodules of the root system.
The bacterium lives in the soil to form root nodules i. Blue-green algae are widely distributed in the aquatic environment. Certain blue-green algae live intimately with other organisms in a symbiotic relationship.
Some are associated with the fungi in form of lichens. The ability of blue-green algae to photosynthesize food and fix atmospheric nitrogen accounts for their symbiotic associations and also for their presence in paddy fields. Table Bio-fertilizers can be grouped in different ways based on their nature and function web 3.
Importance of Microorganisms in Industry Microbes have been used Table to produce products for thousands of years Talaro and Talaro, Even in ancient times, vinegar was made by filtering alcohol through wood shavings, allowing microbes growing on the surfaces of the wood pieces to convert alcohol to vinegar. Likewise, the production of wine and beer uses microbe yeast to convert sugars to alcohol. Microorganisms also used in food and beverage production Table Industrial microbiology includes the use of microorganisms to manufacture food or industrial products in large quantities.
Numerous microorganisms are used within industrial microbiology; these include naturally occurring organisms, laboratory selected mutants, or even Genetically Modified Organisms GMOs. Table Importance of microorganisms in industry Talaro and Talaro, Using area of production Area of Use Microorganisms involved A. Production of Organic Compounds i. Aspergillus niger Pharmaceuticals b Lactic acids Preserves foods, Bacteria Finish fabrics, Prepare hides for leather e.
Escherechia colli Amino acids, breakfast cereals, other foods. Ashloya gossypii Using area of production Area of Use Microorganisms involved iii. Wine Yeast e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae iv. Beer: Sugar from the starch of e.
Aspergillus oryzae grain v. Ethyl Alcohol Uses as industrial solvent, raw material for organic e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae chemicals, food, medicine etc. Vinegar Production e. Acetobacter vii. Distilled Spirits e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae B. Production of Antibiotics Penicillin e. Penecillin notatum C.
Production of Insecticides e. Bacillus thuringiensis D. Production of Enzymes i. Amylase spot remover in laundry, Molds adhesive, baking to digest starch to glucose e. Aspergillus oryzae ii. Pectinase Used for ret flax linen e. Clostridium sp. Proteus Used for leather e. Bacillus subtilis manufacturing industry, Aspergillus oryzae etc.
Laundry spot remover, liquid glue. Invertase agent. Yeast e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae v. Stetokinase: To break down To break down blood Medical microbiology blood clots formed during a clots formed during a heart attack heart attack Other products from microorganisms Alexader, : 1.
Alginate: A sticky substance used as thickness in ice-cream, soups and other foods. Perfume: Musk oil, it is the product of the Mold Ustilagozeae.
Numerous products from poison of Mold Claviceps punpurea. Importance of Microorganisms in Medicine Medical microbiology Fig is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth.
Table 06 Microorganisms used in Food and Beverage production Web Using area of production Microorganisms involved E. Production of Food and Beverage i. Chocolate Acetobacter aceti ii. Coffee Acetobacter tropicalis iii. Vegetables Acetobacter lovaniensis iv. Cheese Arthrobacter nicotianae v. Soy sauce Aspergillus oryzae vi. Dairy Bifidobacterium animalis vii. Sourdough bread Candida milleri viii. Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for physicians, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options.
Other tasks may include the identification of potential health risks to the community or monitoring the evolution of potentially virulent or resistant strains of microbes, educating the community and assisting in the design of health practices. However, microbes could adapt and mutate rapidly, which results to opportunistic infectious diseases, such as HIV. On the contrary, microbes can also help us in ways like the way the "good bacteria" lactobacillus functions in our digestive system Table A bacteria is normally dangerous for humans when it rapidly multiply and produces toxins.
In order to produce toxins and multiply it eats away on us. These toxins can be put in medicine afterwards and can help to cure various illnesses, even kill off other germs we don't want in our systems. Bacteria also play a very important role in various industries. The products obtained as a result of bacterial activities cannot be chemically prepared. Their activities are involved in the following industries: a Preparation of Alcohols: Ethyl alcohol and butyl alcohol are manufactured by the bacterial activities in the sugar solution, e.
The Lactobacillus lactis is responsible for souring of milk resulting in curd dahi preparation. Bacterial activities also impart the typical flavours. Typical types of bacteria are cultured for this purpose, e. The bacteria eat up the protoplasmic tissues but leave the sclerenchyma fibres. According to Sir Alexander Flemming, the growth of harmful Staphylococcus is checked by Penicillium notatum.
With this discovery, large number of antibiotics has been prepared which are of great importance in the medical world. Fungi are simple plant forms, and include mushrooms, molds, yeasts and mildews. Unlike other plants, however, fungi do not have chlorophyll and are not capable of photosynthesis.
Fungi have important culinary, medical, agricultural and industrial uses. Fungi can be used to create dyes, medications and eco-friendly building materials. Fungi are extremely useful organisms in biotechnology. Fungi construct unique complex molecules using established metabolic pathways. Different taxa produce sets of related molecules, each with slightly different final products.
Metabolites formed along the metabolic pathway may also be biologically active. In addition, the final compounds are often released into the environment. Manipulation of the genome, and environmental conditions during formation of compounds, enable the optimization of product formation.
Fungi play both positive and negative roles in agriculture. The harmful activities are more than the helpful activities. Some of the saprophytic fungi in the soil decompose the dead material of animals and plants. The enzymes secreated by these fungi convert the fats, carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds of the dead animals and plants into simpler compounds such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, water and some other nutrients in a form available to green plants.
Some of them will be in the soil to form humus and the remaining go into air where they can be used up as raw material for food synthesis. By liberating carbon dioxide these fungi participate in maintaining the never ending cycle of carbon in nature. The carbon dioxide is very important for green plants in the preparation of food materials by photosynthesis.
Some fungi are in symbiotic association with the roots of certain plants. Satisfactory growth of the plant can be observed only when the specific fungal partner is present inside the roots of the plants.
This type of association of a fungus and plant is called mycorrhiza. Some nematodes are known to cause severe losses to agricultural crops directly and some transmit certain disease causing viruses also. A few fungi e. These predatory fungi produce mycelial loops. When the nematodes pass through, these loops get tightened up to catch the nematodes.
Several species of PGPF have been shown to trigger systemic resistance against various pathogens in cucumber plants5. Plant growth promoting fungi PGPF , which are non-pathogenic soil inhabiting saprophytes, have been reported to be beneficial to several crop plants not only by promoting their growth but also by protecting them from diseases.
One of the primary functions www. Besides this property, certain species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Dematium, Gliocladium, Helminthosporium, Humicola and Metarhizium produce substances similar to humic substances in soil and hence may be important in the maintenance of soil organic matter. They are widely used for the production of antibiotics, anti-cancer, vitamins and cholesterol lowering drugs.
Antibiotics produced by fungi, have gained a high popularity because of their extensive use in disease treatment. The production of antibiotics by fungi was first discovered by Alexander Fleming in He discovered Penicillin, the wonder antibiotic, which is produced by Penicillium notatum.
Penicillin kills several bacteria and it has no harmful effects on the human calls. The limited use of penicillin against the vast number of diseases made the researchers to search for other antibiotics. This search resulted in the discovery of several other antibiotics.
Fumigallin from Aspegillus fumigatus inhibits certain phages and amoebae. Griseofulvin, another antibiotic from Penicillium griseofulvm, is used against the skin diseases such as ring worm and athletes foot.
This antibiotic interferes with the wall formation of the disease causing fungi. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Figures from this paper.
Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Currently, there is a rising need for agricultural production, not only to meet high quality requirements, but also to produce strategies that are environmentally sustainable. The inorganic … Expand.
View 1 excerpt, cites background. The increasing and varied use of silver nanoparticles AgNPs as antimicrobial on consumer products increases the risk of the nanomaterial release into the environment and potentially harm beneficial … Expand. Industrial wastewater has many effects on physical as well as physiological properties of soil and plants.
Evaluation of fodder crops for hydroponic green fodder potential.
0コメント